An RNA primer attaches to the _____. How and where do H2A variants differ from each other?H2A has the most variants, so has the widest array of diversity for nucleosome composition. For example, each human diploid cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA; wound on the histones, the diploid 400 bp associated with __ particles.What did the gentle extraction of nucleosomes show?the presence of a tetramer of H3/H4 and a dimer(s) of H2A/H2B___ assumed that there were two dimers of H2A/H2B presentHistone cores tend to position themselves at certain locations togiven by DNA length/diameter of nucleosome (10 nm) equals 7A chromosomal conformation created by the folding of the nucleosome fiber of DNA and histone, requires one molecule of histone H1 per nucleosome coreby coiling (10 nm nucleosome chain needs H1, packing ratio = 40)no, it is punctuated by regions bound by sequence-specific (nonhistone) DNA-binding proteins30 nm chromatin fibers can form ____ structures bound by _____ proteins, with a packing ratio of ___.when the axis of the DNA double helix is coiled on itselfduring cell division, looped fibers are supercoiled to form visible chromosomes with a packing ratio ofcoiled in the opposite direction of DNA helix, only form seen in natureIn bacteria, topoisomerase I cuts ____________ and topoisomerase II cuts _________Topoisomerases can introduce ____ _____ (with the expenditure of ATP) or ____ ____ in bacteria.Topoisomerases are not required for ___ supercoiling. What happens?in the cytoplasm tRNAs are charged with their respective amino acids, aminoacyl tRNA synthase recognizes the anticodon on the tRNA and the corresponding amino acid Their main functions are to compact DNA and … Histone, any of a group of simple alkaline proteins usually occurring in cell nuclei, combined ionically with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) to form nucleoproteins (q.v.). Like the others in this group, it is only known to be acetylated, it has not been shown to be methylated as of yet. WHy or why not?200 bp DNA associated with ___ particle. Histones are proteins that condense and structure the DNA of eukaryotic cell nuclei into units called nucleosomes. Chromosomes are not visible in the cell’s nucleus—not even under a microscope—when the cell is not dividing. This group of lysines are known to act as transcriptional activators. A basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.H2B forms a (H2A-H2B)-2 tetramer. Five types of histones have been identified: H1 (or H5), H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. Histone are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. What do these codons do?a sequence of codons that code for a protein, the sequence that is flanked by start and stop codonsencodes one to several genes, which are transcribed on one mRNA (polycistronic)encodes a single protein, coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding regions (introns), mRNA is edited, 5' end capped with guanosine, Poly A tail added to 3' end (signal for export from the nucleus)Where does protein synthesis take place? Though highly conserved, it is nevertheless the most variable histone in sequence across species. Histones are abundant in lysine and arginine. equal, H1, concentration True or false: type of histones and amount is same for all cell types. This tetramer and it's component dimers are easily exchanged in and out of the nucleosome compared to H3 and H4, meaning that modifications on H2A and H2B are less likely to be maintained in chromatin.When you see H3K4, think activation. H3K9ac also has a high co-occurrence with H3K14ac and H3K4me3 which together are these three marks are the hallmark of active gene promotersH3K27 is known for one thing: shutting down transcription. They are responsible for the structure of chromatin and play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. "beads on a string arrangement", suggested that the beads are histones and the string is DNAwhen partially enzyme-digested chromatin were electrophoresedIs the pattern of nucleosomes seen when pure DNA is hydrolysed? What counters this?the 5' ends have long tandem repeats of TTAGGG which can be lost without damaging the genomeIf the ends of the chromosome were not protected, they would be treated as anirreparable double-strand break leading to cell death by apoptosisTERRA molecules which are RNA transcribed from the repetitive tandem repeatsWhat happens to telomeres after each cell division?

But wait; H4K16ac has some unique and interesting properties. Histones are proteins that condense and structure the DNA of eukaryotic cell nuclei into units called nucleosomes. H4K12ac is localized to the promoter, like other H4 acetylations; however, H4 localizes more to gene bodies than the other acetylations. It is believed be involved in opening chromatin structure, similar to acetylationA chromodomain (chromatin organization modifier) is a protein structural domain of about 40-50 amino acid residues commonly found in proteins associated with the remodeling and manipulation of chromatin.

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