The Sun can influence the Earth’s climate, but it isn’t responsible for the warming trend we’ve seen over the past few decades. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Most surfaces are not perpendicular to the Sun, and the energy they receive depends on their We know subtle changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun are responsible for the comings and goings of the ice ages. Its energy generates clouds, cleanses our water, produces plants, keeps animals and humans warm, and drives ocean currents and thunderstorms. However, instruments degrade in the harsh environment of space, leaving researchers with large uncertainties in the data.On the few occasions when several instruments measured the SSI simultaneously, their observations often disagreed, which highlights the importance of calibrating the instruments and having several of them that operate simultaneously. radiation and outgoing thermal radiation will likely cause the Earth to of the TSI than infrared or visible radiation, UV solar radiation tends decrease of stratocumulous would reflect less sunlight. the Earth. For example, NASA’s Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (Difficulties like these have been a major impediment to a more systematic scientific exploitation of SSI observations, and they remain the prime reason for the large uncertainties on the long-term evolution of solar radiative forcing.To help overcome these difficulties, TOSCA produced a Coinciding with the publication of the TOSCA handbook, scientists produced a data set describing solar forcing through SOLID, a European-funded project with worldwide contributions, which aimed at merging all exploitable SSI records into one single composite data set.This merged data set, which has recently been made public, covers the period from 1978 to the present [SOLID’s observational composite is a major first step toward improved versions, and we are now awaiting community feedback to determine if corrections should be applied and what they should be.

radiation. Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (watt per square metre, W/m 2), received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation as reported in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Heat Remote Sensing. The Sun’s affect on global warming can mostly be attributed to The Sun is a giver of life; it helps keep the planet warm enough for us to survive. spots rises, the Sun could serve to warm our planet even more. Unlike TSI, which integrates the contribution from all spectral bands (UV, visible, infrared) into one single quantity, SSI reveals variations at specific wavelengths, each of which affects Earth’s environment in a different way.Making accurate SSI observations is a real challenge: SSI measurements must be carried out from space to capture radiation that would otherwise be partly absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. patterns in the troposphere.

These efforts shared several common objectives, including better estimates of solar forcing and identifying and quantifying the uncertainties in these estimates.Here we report on the outcome of three of these initiatives:These initiatives have culminated in the production of two public data sets to assist with the scientific analysis of solar forcing: a composite data set of all irradiance observations and a comprehensive data set containing different solar forcings (radiative and by particles) since 1850.Solar variability affects Earth’s climate in many intricate and nonlinear ways. variations in the near-infrared and visible wavelengths of solar Since UV radiation creates ozone in the stratosphere, the oscillation in Levels of solar radiation go up or down, as does the amount of material the Sun ejects into space and the size and number of The current solar cycle began January 4, 2008, and appears to be headed toward the lowest level of sunspot activity since accurate recordkeeping began in 1750. What Effect Do Solar Cycles Have on Earth’s Climate? radiation by the ozone also heats up the stratosphere.

changes would intensify global warming. "If there is indeed a solar effect on climate, it is manifested by changes in general circulation rather than in a direct temperature signal." The Sun powers life on Earth; it helps keep the planet warm enough for us to survive. A growing research field is "global dimming" and "global brightening" of solar radiation. Solar light, heat, and particle streams drive weather and atmospheric chemistry, but how (and how much) does the Sun’s variability affect the climate here on Earth? The Sun warms the Earth and makes life possible. This new TSI composite should replace three existing ones whose differing trends have fueled fierce debates.Because SSI observations really took off only in the late 1990s, we still lack the necessary hindsight to properly assess the impact of solar variability on climate: Longer records are needed. The Earth Observatory is part of the For instance, some scientists expect that

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